SomeCommentsontheHypothesesofDisguisedUnemploymentandtheDualEconomy

AnumberofwritershaveattributedthesmalllandholdingsinAsia(andparticularlyinChina)nemployment(wherethemarginalproductivityofpeasantsissaidtobezeroornegative).Stillothershaveclaimedthatwhetherornotthemarginalproductivityofpeasantsiszero,endevelopedintermsoffamilystructure,ofunlimitedlaborsupply,ofpeculiarfixed-factorcoefficientproductionfunctionsowingtothepeasantsignoranceoffarmingmethods,andofa”rock-bottom”hunderliesfarmingdecisionsinunderdevelopedareas.[1]

Theimplicationsofthesecondhypothesis,thattherewouldbemarginalinequalitiesofresourceallocationasaresultoftherentalsharerestriction,wasconfirmedbyobscientallocationofresources.

Ithasfrequentlybeenassertedthatstandardeco,”irrational”behaviorhasbeendiscerned,andnewpostulateshavebeenadvancedtoexplainwhateverobservationsareregardedas”mysterious.”Butausefulthe”underdeveloped”countries,recognitionandpropertreatmentoftherelevantpropertyrightconstraintshavebeenrare.

Withthemanyfacetsofpropertylawsgoverningresourceuse,itis,ofcourse,notalwayseasyt”mysterious”observationswithoutinvestigatingthepertinentpropertylawsisunwarranted.”Disguisedunemployment”andthe”dualeconomy”,inAppendixA,thattheincreaseintotalyieldowingtothesharerestrictionrefutedan,underthesharerestriction,reallocationofnonlandresourcestoagricultureasawholeproduceda”dualeconomy.”Yetthehypothesisofincreasedfarmingintensitywasderivedentirelyfromstandardeconomictheory.

Thetheoryofsharetenancywasalsoappliedtoasituationinwhichtherentalpercentageisreducedtoauniformlegalmaximum,,www.youxs.org.

APPENDIXA

Finally,moreformalanalysesoft,Ifailedtoarriveatgeneralequilibriumsolutions,owingtoaninabilitytoderivesomespecifictransaction-costf,theproperapproachtoanalyzinglandtenureistoinvestigatethenatureofthepropertylawswhichdefinetheconstraintofpetition,andnotmerely,ashasfrequentlybeendone,tocondemnwhatmayappeartobedefectiveleasingarrangementsandtoadvocateachangeinthelaws.

APPENDIXES

,,similaritiesanddissimilarities,therelativecostsofenforcingthem,and,perhapsmoredifficult,theeconomicforceswhichbroughtthemintobeing,re,aimedatexplainingresourceallocationundertheconditionwheretherighttofarmisexclusivelyiwansince1953asTokugawaJapan.

,buttheyarealsomonamongretailstores,beautysalons,gasolinestations,amusement-parkrentals,,whentheconstraintsofpetitiondiffer,modificationsneedtobemadeinthethe,inTaiwanbefore1951,aportionoffarmlandownedbythegovernmentwasleasedtotenantsonasharebasis;inmainlandChinainthe1950s,apopularformofbusinessfirminvolvedstate-privatecooperationwithsharingarrangements.

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