第22章 佃农理论英语原著 16
- 作者:张五常
- 类型:短篇文学
- 更新:07-04 15:12:53
- 字数:8334
[3].AdamSmith,WealthofNations(1776;NewYork:ModernLibraryedition,1937),www.youxs.org.
[4].Ibid.,www.youxs.org
[5].Ibid.,Book3,
[9].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[10].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[11].YoungsTravelswasfirstpublishedin1792,,www.youxs.org;anabridgedversioneditedbyConstantiaMaxwell(Cambridge:AttheUniversityPress,1929);andMissBetham-Edwards,edArthurYoungsTravelsinFranceduringtheYears1787,1788,1789(London:GeorgeBellandSons,1892).
ThelackofanydefiniteconclusionbyMillstemsfromtomandnotbypetition,[33]sothat”whenthepartitionoftheproduceisamatteroffixedusage,notofvaryingconvention,politicaleconomyhasnolawsofdistributiontoinvestigate.”[34]FromwhomdidMillgetthis”custom”idea?FromSismondi:
Thisconnexion[ofinputmitments]isoftenthesubjectofacontract,todefinecertainservicesandcertainoccasionalpaymentstowhichthemetayerbindshimself:neverthelessthedifferencesintheobligationsofonesuchcontractandanotherareinconsiderable;usagegovernsalikealltheseengagements,andsuppliesthestipulationswhichhavenotbeenexpressed:andthelandlordwhoattemptedtodepartfromusage,whoexactedmorethanhisneighbor,whotookforthebasisoftheagreementanythingbuttheequaldivisionofthecrops,wouldrenderhimselfsoodious,hewouldbesosureofnotobtainingametayerwhowasanhonestman,thatthecontractofallthemetayersmaybeconsideredasidentical,atleastineachprovince,andnevergivesrisetoanypetitionamongpeasantsinsearchofemployment,oranyoffertocultivatethesoiloncheapertermsthanoneanother.[35]
Thecontractualstipulationsasdescribedareimpliedbythetheoryofsharetenancy,andasweshallseeingreaterdetail,”nevergivesrisetopetition”,therestraintsonthecontractingpartiesasvisualizedbySismondiarerestraintsimposedbypetitionitself.
,inthisquotationMillpresup-posedthatnoprevailingwagerateoralternativeearningexistsforthemetayertenant,anditisnotevenclearwhetherthepopu-lar”subsistence”,withoutexplicitlystatingthelawofdiminishingreturns,itwouldbedifficulttoarriveatanykindofequilibrium.[31]Second,inregardto”improvements,”Milldidnotallowthemtobemadethroughadjustingtherentalpercentage-eventhoughhewaswellawareofdifferingrentalpercentages.[32]
[2].Whenthefirstdraftofthisstudywaswritten,”ResourceAllocationunderShareContracts,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy(April,1950),www.youxs.org.
Ifthe[metayer]systeminTuscany[Italy]worksaswellinpracticeasitisrepresentedtodo,witheveryappearanceofminuteknowledge,bysopetentanauthorityasSismondi;ifthemodeoflivingofthepeople,andthesizeoffarms,haveforagesmaintainedandstillmaintainthemselvessuchastheyaresaidtobebyhim,itweretoberegrettedthatastateofruralwell-beingsomuchbeyondwhatisrealizedinmostEuropeancountries,shouldbeputtohazardbyanattempttointroduce,undertheguiseofagriculturalimprovement,asystemofmoney-rentsandcapitalistfarmers.[37]
[1].
[6].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[7].Ibid.,www.youxs.org:”NotonlydidSmithobjecttosharerenting,butheproposedthattaxesbeusedtoinducelandlordstouseotherleasingarrangement.”SeeJohnson,”ResourceAllocation,”www.youxs.org;andSmith,WealthofNations,www.youxs.org.
[8].Smith,WealthofNations,www.youxs.org.
Wemaywellask:Whywerethetermsofasharecontractviewedas”customary”andnotdeterminedbypetition?Theanswer,Ibelieve,isthatfactorpricesarenotexplicitlystatedinasharecontract.[36]Underfixedrentorawagecontract,notonlyistherentalpriceoflandorthewagerateexplicitlystated,butalsoonepartytothecon,wherethepricingmechanismoperatesbyadjustingtherentalpercentageandtheratioofnonlandinputstoland,itnotonlyyieldsanimpressionthatmarketpricesdonotexist,butthemutuallystipulatedinputintensityalsoyieldsanimpressionof”fixity.”SismondiandMillwereunabletoseethat,ceterisparibus,areductioninfarmsizerepresentseitherafallinthewagerate(orinthecostofnonlandinputs)orariseintherentalpriceofland;orthatafallintherentalpercentage,achangeinrelativefactorpricesinthemarketcanbeflexiblyadjustedinasharecontractthroughseveraldimensions,,a50percentincreaseinthewageratewouldappearsignificantinawagecontract;but,underasharecontract,thesameincreasemaybeaccountedforbyloweringtherentalpercentageatrifle,reducinglaborinputatrifle,andexpandinglandsizeatrifle.
Thus,,inlightofthediversifiedargumentsconfrontinghim,thefollowingjudgmenthemadeisofconsiderablewisdom:
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