第23章 佃农理论英语原著 17
- 作者:张五常
- 类型:短篇文学
- 更新:07-04 15:12:53
- 字数:7892
[20].RichardJones,AnEssayontheDistributionofWealthandontheSourcesofTaxation,part1—Rent(London:JohnMurrary,1831).Tomyknowledge,outtheentirevolume,
[21].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[33].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[34].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[22].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[30].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[31].NotethatthelaststatementinthisquotationisquitedifferentfromJonessview.
[32].SeeMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,p.
[26].Ibid.,www.youxs.org”Englishauthority”whowrote:
Thepracticeoflettinglandsbyproportionalrents……isverygeneralonthecontinent;andwhereverithasbeenadopted,ithasputastoptoallimprovements,andhasreducedthecultivatorstothemostabjectpoverty[PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy(Edinburgh,1843),www.youxs.org].
[27].Mill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
[13].Young,Travels,Betham-Edwardsedition.
[14].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[15].Young,Travels,Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org.
[12].Young,Travels,Dublinedition,pp.,andonedoubtshisimpartialitywhenhestated:”Themetayersweresomiserablypoor,;butallconversationofthatsortistimelostinFrance”(Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org).
[28].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[29].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[19].Seeibid.,www.youxs.org.
[17].SeeYoung,Travels,Dublinedition,www.youxs.org.
[18].YoungsaccountoftaxesisbestseeninachapterontheRevolution(Travels,Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org).www.youxs.org:”Accordingtorecentestimates36percentofthepeasantsinedisappearedindirecttaxestotheState;14percentwentontithespayabletotheChurch;while11or12percentwasconsumedbyseigneurialduesatYoungstime.”
[23].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[24].www.youxs.org[1815](NewYork:,1966),www.youxs.org.
[35].MillquotesSismondiinibid.,www.youxs.org.
[36].,forexample,Jones,DistributionofWealth;Sismondi,PoliticalEconomy,;McCulloch,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org;andMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
[37].Mill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
www.youxs.org
Severalanalyticaldeficienciesstoodinthewayofclassicalwri,classicalwritersfailedtotreatlandrentaspartofproductioncost.[1]Furthermore,,beforeMarshall,SismondiandMillhadnotplacedmuchweightonthetax-equivalentargument,Marshallrenewedthethesis,presumablybecausetheanalogytoataxundersharerentfitsratherneatlyintohismarginalanalysis.[2]Evenwithsuchanapproach,Marshallalmostobtainedthecorrectsolutioninafootnote.
BytracingfootnotesintwochaptersofMarshallsPrinciples,,,,tenantlabor,t,ismeasuredalongthehorizontalaxis,and
,ishorizontalinapetitivemarket,,equilibriumisatB,,wehavethemarginalequality:
=.
Thesameresultobtainsforownercultivation,whethertheownerworksuptot2andworkselsewhere,ytheareaMDB,anamountequaltothatofafixed-rentcontract.
Underthetaxapproachofanalyzingsharetenancy,however,themarginaltenantreceiptnetofrent,
(1-r),,ifthelandownertakes[3]percentoftheannualyield(r=www.youxs.org)andthetenanttakes60percent,
(1-r)willbe60percentof
,itissaid,equilibriumisatA,wherethemarginaltenantcostequalsthemarginaltenantreceipt;thatis,
(1-r).,thetotalproductisrepresentedbytheareaODJt1,withtheland,areaMEArepresentstheamountreceivedbytheten-antoverandabovehisalternativeearning(areaOMAt1).WithequilibriumatA,t(withareaJABrepresentingtheeconomicwaste).
ItwaswiththisanalysisinmindthatMarshallmented:
[25].SeeJohnStuartMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy(4thed.;London:,1857),Book2,,”OfMetayers.”
[16].WhenBetham-EdwardswroteinherintroductiontoYoungsTravels(www.youxs.org),that”nothinghasdonemore[thanmetayage]toimprovetheconditionofthepeasantandofhusbandrywithinthelastfiftyyears,”,:
Itwasnotperhapssomuchacauseofpovertyhoweverasaresult,andthatitwasasystemthatworkedratherbetterinpracticethanintheoryisshownbythefactthatitsurvivedtheRevolution,andisstillarecognizedformofland-holding……EvenbeforetheRevolutionthereweremanyFrenchlandlordswholivedonexcellenttermswiththeirmetayers,visitingthemintheirholdingsanddiscussingagriculturalmatterswiththem(Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org).
阅读佃农理论(英语原着)最新章节 请关注热血小说网(www.oaksh.cn)
作者推荐阅读:
【宝可梦侦探:竹兰逼我领养精灵】【从炼丹术开始肝熟练度】【制符人】【龙王传说世界的天才玩家M】【怀上渣男死对头的娃后,我杀疯了】【战锤40k:碎裂钢魂】【谁让他修仙的!】【LOL:如果要输,我上去帅一波】【理综挂科后我被迫屠龙了】【战锤:我乃帝国之锤】【开局在出租屋里捡到一个亿】【被反派鳏夫盯上了】【满朝文武都能听到我的心声】【仙子的修行】【港综从怒火重案开始】【半岛之如影随形】【若张佳乐加入兴欣】【天黑请下凡】【天下第一萌夫】【星象制卡师:从昴日星官开始】【文娱盛世:只想当咸鱼】【回到仙尊少年时[穿书]】【执掌风云萧峥】【直播被剧透历史的千古一帝,今天也很尴尬】【龙族:从战锤归来的路明非】【科幻战争:我在末日后参军】【我真是来维护和平的】【说好一起种地,你却偷偷去御兽?】【飞升之后】【剑道第一仙】